N.B. Starting the machine while holding the SHIFT key will perform maintenance, including checking the hard drive.
Not quite right.
----------
Summary from Apple support page...
Safe Boot is a special way to start up when troubleshooting. Safe Mode is the state Mac OS X is in after a Safe Boot. To perform a Safe Boot, hold the Shift key as your Mac starts up.
Products Affected
Mac OS X 10.3, Mac OS X 10.2, Mac OS X 10.4, Mac OS X 10.6, Mac OS X 10.5, Time Capsul
Starting up into Safe Mode does several things:
It forces a directory check of the startup volume.
It loads only required kernel extensions (some of the items in /System/Library/Extensions).
In Mac OS X v10.3.9 or earlier, Safe Mode runs only Apple-installed startup items (such items may be installed either in /Library/StartupItems or in /System/Library/StartupItems; these are different than user-selected account login items).
It disables all fonts other than those in /System/Library/Fonts (Mac OS X v10.4 or later).
It moves to the Trash all font caches normally stored in /Library/Caches/com.apple.ATS/(uid)/ , where (uid) is a user ID number such as 501 (Mac OS X v10.4 or later).
It disables all startup items and login items (Mac OS X v10.4 or later).
Mac OS X v10.5.6 or later: A Safe Boot deletes the dynamic loader shared cache at (/var/db/dyld/). A cache with issues may cause a blue screen on startup, particularly after a Software Update. Restarting normally recreates this cache.
Taken together, these changes can help resolve software or directory issues that may exist on the startup volume.