The "little thing to the right of where the drive engages" on the 2008, is the hard drive temp sensor. It has to stay in place.
If the hard drive (the bottom one in your post #3 picture) fits in the 2012, but not the 2008 (and, I guess any of the 2008 drives work in the 2012),
THEN, your choice is to not use that bottom drive in the 2008. Use one that will physically fit (not that one!) (I hate to be Mr Obvious on this, but there it is!)
Use a drive like the upper drive in that picture.
If you need to use THAT bottom drive (and you find it is not possible to swap out to a drive that WILL fit, and you just can't use that drive internally, then use an external case (one of those "toaster-style" USB SATA docks would work great) - You would have the additional advantage of not opening the side of your MacPro just to attach a hard drive.
The drives in your pix are different manufacturers, so you can look for specific brands when you replace the hard drive, if you can do that.
Thinking a little more, maybe try to find an adapter that would be male to female SATA, just to extend the internal SATA connector to move your hard drive connection. You would need both the data and power connectors. I found
this, but I'm not sure how you would use it.
My thought is that you would be better off using an external USB dock.
I haven't been as long as you on a Mac, my first personal one was a brand-new IIsi in 1992, but there's not many Macs that I haven't been inside, in a service shop