You're running Lion, correct? It's simple to reboot to your recovery system, and run Disk Utility to test your hard drive.
What else have you tried?:
restart in Safe Boot mode, and try your various system prefs.
boot to another user account, and see if your prefs work OK. Make a new, fresh user just for this purpose.
Remove your existing prefs (those with sound somewhere in the name), then log out, and log back in to your user. Try your prefs.
Remove the existing prefs that control your system preferences, such as com.apple.systemprefences.plist - com.apple.systemuiserver.plist - com.apple.bezelservices.plist - maybe some others that might affect your situation.
If you look in your user folder/library, then in the caches folder, you'll see several that relate directly to your system preferences. Most anything in that Caches folder can be deleted, and may help in your quest.